By Fortunate Masikati- Pneumonia is a serious infection of the lungs that affects the air sacs (alveoli). These air sacs may fill with fluid or pus, making it difficult to breathe.

Causes
Pneumonia can be caused by:
Bacteria (most common, e.g., Streptococcus pneumoniae)
Viruses (e.g., flu virus, COVID-19)
Fungi (especially in people with weak immunity)
Aspiration (inhaling food, vomit, or liquids into the lungs)

Risk Factors
People at higher risk include:
Children under 5 years
Elderly (above 65 years)
Smokers
People with chronic diseases (e.g., asthma, diabetes)
HIV/AIDS patients
Malnourished individuals

Signs and Symptoms
Cough (with or without sputum)
Fever and chills
Shortness of breath
Chest pain (especially when breathing or coughing)
Fast breathing
Fatigue and weakness
In severe cases: confusion, bluish lips (low oxygen)

Complications
If untreated, pneumonia can lead to:
Respiratory failure
Lung abscess
Sepsis (infection in the blood)
Pleural effusion (fluid around the lungs)
Death (especially in vulnerable groups)

Treatment
Treatment depends on the cause:
Bacterial pneumonia → Antibiotics
Viral pneumonia → Supportive care (fluids, rest, oxygen)
Pain relievers and fever reducers
Oxygen therapy in severe cases
Hospital admission if condition is serious

Prevention
Vaccination (pneumococcal, flu vaccines)
Good hand hygiene
Avoid smoking
Proper nutrition
Early treatment of respiratory infections
Avoid overcrowded places when sick

Key Message
Pneumonia is preventable and treatable, but can be life-threatening if ignored. Seek medical attention early if symptoms appear.